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E-Commerce according to Person Halls book E-Commerce started in 1994 with the
first banner ad being placed on a website.
According to Forrester Research (as cited in Kessler, 2003), electronic
commerce in the United States generated sales worth US $12.2 billion as of 2003
Historical development
The meaning of the term "electronic commerce" has changed over the
last 30 years. Originally, "electronic commerce" meant the
facilitation of commercial transactions electronically, usually using technology
like Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT),
where both were introduced in the late 1970s, for example, to send commercial
documents like purchase orders or invoices electronically.
The 'electronic' or 'e' in e-commerce refers to the technology/systems; the
'commerce' refers to be traditional business models. E-commerce is as the
complete set of processes that support commercial/business activities on a
network. In the 1970s and 1980s, this would also have involved information
analysis. The growth and acceptance of credit cards, automated teller machines
(ATM) and telephone banking in the 1980s were also forms of e-commerce. However,
from the 1990s onwards, this would include enterprise resource planning systems
(ERP), data mining and data warehousing.
In the dot com era, it came to include activities more precisely termed
"Web commerce" -- the purchase of goods and services over the World
Wide Web usually with secure connection (HTTPS, a special server protocol that
encrypts confidential ordering data for customer protection) with e-shopping
carts and with electronic payment services, like credit card payment
authorizations.
Today, it encompasses a very wide range of business activities and processes,
from e-banking to offshore manufacturing to e-logistics. The ever growing
dependence of modern industries on electronically enabled business processes
gave impetus to the growth and development of supporting systems, including
backend systems, applications and middleware. Examples are broadband and
fiber-optic networks, supply-chain management software, customer relationship
management software, inventory control systems and financial accounting
software.
When the Web first became well-known among the general public in 1994, many
journalists and pundits forecast that e-commerce would soon become a major
economic sector. However, it took about four years for security protocols (like
HTTPS) to become sufficiently developed and widely deployed. Subsequently,
between 1998 and 2000, a substantial number of businesses in the United States
and Western Europe developed rudimentary web sites.
Although a large number of "pure e-commerce" companies disappeared
during the dot-com collapse in 2000 and 2001, many "brick-and-mortar"
retailers recognized that such companies had identified valuable niche markets
and began to add e-commerce capabilities to their Web sites. For example, after
the collapse of online grocer Webvan, two traditional supermarket chains,
Albertsons and Safeway, both started e-commerce subsidiaries through which
consumers could order groceries online.
The emergence of e-commerce also significantly lowered barriers to entry in
the selling of many types of goods; accordingly many small home-based
proprietors are able to use the internet to sell goods. A famous one would be
Ebay(tm).
Success factors in e-commerce
Technical and organizational aspects
In many cases, an e-commerce company will survive not only based on its
product, but by having a competent management team, good post-sales services,
well-organized business structure, network infrastructure and a secured,
well-designed website. Such factors include:
Sufficient work done in market research and analysis. E-commerce is not
exempt from good business planning and the fundamental laws of supply and
demand. Business failure is as much a reality in e-commerce as in any other form
of business.
A good management team armed with information technology strategy. A
company's IT strategy should be a part of the business re-design process.
Providing an easy and secured way for customers to effect transactions.
Credit cards are the most popular means of sending payments on the internet,
accounting for 90% of online purchases. In the past, card numbers were
transferred securely between the customer and merchant through independent
payment gateways. Such independent payment gateways are still used by most small
and home businesses. Most merchants today process credit card transactions on
site through arrangements made with commercial banks or credit cards companies.
Providing reliability and security. Parallel servers, hardware redundancy,
fail-safe technology, information encryption, and firewalls can enhance this
requirement.
Providing a 360-degree view of the customer relationship, defined as ensuring
that all employees, suppliers, and partners have a complete view, and the same
view, of the customer. However, customers may not appreciate the big brother
experience.
Constructing a commercially sound business model. If this key success factor
had appeared in textbooks in 2000, many of the dot-coms might not have gone into
bankruptcy.
Engineering an electronic value chain in which one focuses on a
"limited" number of core competencies -- the opposite of a one-stop
shop. (Electronic stores can appear either specialist or generalist if properly
programmed.)
Operating on or near the cutting edge of technology and staying there as
technology changes (but remembering that the fundamentals of commerce remain
indifferent to technology).
Setting up an organization of sufficient alertness and agility to respond
quickly to any changes in the economic, social and physical environment.
Providing an attractive website. The tasteful use of color, graphics,
animation, photographs, fonts, and white-space percentage may aid success in
this respect.
Streamlining business processes, possibly through re-engineering and
information technologies.
Providing complete understanding of the products or services offered, which
not only includes complete product information, but also sound advisors and
selectors.
Naturally, the e-commerce vendor must also perform such mundane tasks as
being truthful about its product and its availability, shipping reliably, and
handling complaints promptly and effectively. A unique property of the Internet
environment is that individual customers have access to far more information
about the seller than they would find in a brick-and-mortar situation.
Customer-Oriented
A successful e-commerce organization must also provide an enjoyable and
rewarding experience to its customers. Many factors go into making this
possible. Such factors include:
Providing value to customers. Vendors can achieve this by offering a product
or product-line that attracts potential customers at a competitive price, as in
non-electronic commerce.
Providing service and performance. Offering a responsive, user-friendly
purchasing experience, just like a flesh-and-blood retailer, may go some way to
achieving these goals.
Providing an incentive for customers to buy and to return. Sales promotions
to this end can involve coupons, special offers, and discounts. Cross-linked
websites and advertising affiliate programs can also help.
Providing personal attention. Personalized web sites, purchase suggestions,
and personalized special offers may go some of the way to substituting for the
face-to-face human interaction found at a traditional point of sale.
Providing a sense of community. Chat rooms, discussion boards, soliciting
customer input and loyalty programs (sometimes called affinity programs) can
help in this respect.
Owning the customer's total experience. E-tailers foster this by treating any
contacts with a customer as part of a total experience, an experience that
becomes synonymous with the brand.
Letting customers help themselves. Provision of a self-serve site, easy to
use without assistance, can help in this respect. This implies that all product
information is available, cross-sell information, advise for product
alternatives, and supplies & accessory selectors.
Helping customers do their job of consuming. E-tailers and online shopping
directories can provide such help through ample comparative information and good
search facilities. Provision of component information and safety-and-health
comments may assist e-tailers to define the customers' job.
[edit] Problems
Even if a provider of E-commerce goods and services rigorously follows these
"key factors" to devise an exemplary e-commerce strategy, problems can
still arise. Sources of such problems include:
Failure to understand customers, why they buy and how they buy. Even a
product with a sound value proposition can fail if producers and retailers do
not understand customer habits, expectations, and motivations. E-commerce could
potentially mitigate this potential problem with proactive and focused marketing
research, just as traditional retailers may do.
Failure to consider the competitive situation. One may have the will to
construct a viable book e-tailing business model, but lack the capability to
compete with Amazon.com.
Inability to predict environmental reaction. What will competitors do? Will
they introduce competitive brands or competitive web sites? Will they supplement
their service offerings? Will they try to sabotage a competitor's site? Will
price wars break out? What will the government do? Research into competitors,
industries and markets may mitigate some consequences here, just as in
non-electronic commerce.
Over-estimation of resource competence. Can staff, hardware, software, and
processes handle the proposed strategy? Have e-tailers failed to develop
employee and management skills? These issues may call for thorough resource
planning and employee training.
Failure to coordinate. If existing reporting and control relationships do not
suffice, one can move towards a flat, accountable, and flexible organizational
structure, which may or may not aid coordination.
Failure to obtain senior management commitment. This often results in a
failure to gain sufficient corporate resources to accomplish a task. It may help
to get top management involved right from the start.
Failure to obtain employee commitment. If planners do not explain their
strategy well to employees, or fail to give employees the whole picture, then
training and setting up incentives for workers to embrace the strategy may
assist.
Under-estimation of time requirements. Setting up an e-commerce venture can
take considerable time and money, and failure to understand the timing and
sequencing of tasks can lead to significant cost overruns. Basic project
planning, critical path, critical chain, or PERT analysis may mitigate such
failings. Profitability may have to wait for the achievement of market share.
Failure to follow a plan. Poor follow-through after the initial planning, and
insufficient tracking of progress against a plan can result in problems. One may
mitigate such problems with standard tools: benchmarking, milestones, variance
tracking, and penalties and rewards for variances.
Becoming the victim of organized crime. Many syndicates have caught on to the
potential of the Internet as a new revenue stream. Two main methods are as
follows: (1) Using identity theft techniques like phishing to order expensive
goods and bill them to some innocent person, then liquidating the goods for
quick cash; (2) Extortion by using a network of compromised "zombie"
computers to engage in distributed denial of service attacks against the target
Web site until it starts paying protection money.
Product suitability
Certain products or services appear more suitable for online sales; others
remain more suitable for offline sales.
Many successful purely virtual companies deal with digital products,
(including information storage, retrieval, and modification), music, movies,
office supplies, education, communication, software, photography, and financial
transactions. Examples of this type of company include: Google, eBay and Paypal.
Other successful marketers such as use Drop shipping or Affiliate marketing
techniques to facilitate transactions of tangible goods without maintaining real
inventory. Examples include Amazing Refund and numerous sellers on eBay[1].
Virtual marketers can sell some non-digital products and services
successfully. Such products generally have a high value-to-weight ratio, they
may involve embarrassing purchases, they may typically go to people in remote
locations, and they may have shut-ins as their typical purchasers. Items which
can fit through a standard letterbox — such as music CDs, DVDs and books —
are particularly suitable for a virtual marketer, and indeed Amazon.com, one of
the few enduring dot-com companies, has historically concentrated on this field.
Products such as spare parts, both for consumer items like washing machines
and for industrial equipment like centrifugal pumps, also seem good candidates
for selling online. Retailers often need to order spare parts specially, since
they typically do not stock them at consumer outlets -- in such cases,
e-commerce solutions in spares do not compete with retail stores, only with
other ordering systems. A factor for success in this niche can consist of
providing customers with exact, reliable information about which part number
their particular version of a product needs, for example by providing parts
lists keyed by serial number.
Purchases of pornography and of other sex-related products and services
fulfill the requirements of both vitality (or if non-virtual, generally
high-value) and potential embarrassment; unsurprisingly, provision of such
services has become the most profitable segment of e-commerce. [citation needed]
Products less suitable for e-commerce include products that have a low
value-to-weight ratio, products that have a smell, taste, or touch component,
products that need trial fittings — most notably clothing — and products
where color integrity appears important. Nonetheless, Tesco.com has had success
delivering groceries in the UK, albeit that many of its goods are of a generic
quality, and clothing sold through the internet is big business in the U.S.
Also, the recycling program Cheap cycle sells goods over the internet, but
avoids the low value-to-weight ratio problem by creating different groups for
various regions, so that shipping costs remain low.
Acceptance
Consumers have accepted the e-commerce business model less readily than its
proponents originally expected. Even in product categories suitable for
e-commerce, electronic shopping has developed only slowly. Several reasons might
account for the slow uptake, including:
Concerns about security. Many people will not use credit cards over the
Internet due to concerns about theft and credit card fraud.
Lack of instant gratification with most e-purchases (non-digital purchases).
Much of a consumer's reward for purchasing a product lies in the instant
gratification of using and displaying that product. This reward does not exist
when one's purchase does not arrive for days or weeks.
The problem of access to web commerce, mainly for poor households and for
developing countries. Low penetration rates of Internet access in some sectors
greatly reduces the potential for e-commerce.
The social aspect of shopping. Some people enjoy talking to sales staff, to
other shoppers, or to their cohorts: this social reward side of retail therapy
does not exist to the same extent in online shopping.
Poorly designed, bug-infested e-Commerce web sites that frustrate online
shoppers and drive them away.
Inconsistent return policies among e-tailers or difficulties in
exchange/return.
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Business-to-business (B2B) is a term commonly used to describe commerce
transactions between businesses, as opposed to those between businesses and
other groups, such as business-to-consumers (B2C) or business-to-government
(B2G). More specifically, B2B is often used to describe an activity, such as B2B
marketing, or B2B sales, that occurs between businesses and other businesses.
The volume of B2B transactions is much higher than the volume of B2C
transactions. The primary reason for this is that in a typical supply chain
there will be many B2B transactions involving subcomponent or raw materials, and
only one B2C transaction, specifically sale of the finished product to the end
customer. For example, an automobile manufacturer makes several B2B transactions
such as buying tires, glass for windshields, and rubber hoses for its vehicles.
The final transaction, a finished vehicle sold to the consumer, is a single
(B2C) transaction.